Title

Spatial Variation in Reference Conditions: Historical Tree Density and Pattern on a Pinus Ponderosa Landscape

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

12-2009

Publication Title

Canadian Journal of Forest Research

Volume

39

Issue

12

First page number:

2391

Last page number:

2403

Abstract

The reference conditions of historical tree density and pattern underpin ecological restoration and management of Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C.Lawson forests in western North America, yet the potential spatial variation in these variables across the landscape remains unclear. We reconstructed historical (1880) tree density and spatial pattern on 1 ha plots at 53 sites within a 110 000 ha P. ponderosa landscape in northern Arizona, compared these variables among US Forest Service ecosystem classification units, and modeled spatial variation with environmental variables. Mean tree density differed 19-fold among nine ecosystem types, and regression trees using four soil or climatic variables explained 62%–74% of the variation in density. Although density was more sensitive to environmental variation than was pattern, we did not find the clumped pattern widely described for P. ponderosa forests to be universal across ecosystems. Results suggest that (i) multivariate combinations of soil and climatic properties influenced historical forest structure, (ii) as much variation exists in reference conditions within the study landscape as between P. ponderosa regions, (iii) ecosystem classification is a useful framework for quantifying spatial variation in reference conditions, and (iv) determining spatial variation in reference conditions can assist resource managers in prioritizing areas for management and in developing ecosystem-specific management strategies within landscapes.

Keywords

Forests and forestry; Ponderosa pine

Disciplines

Forest Sciences | Plant Sciences

Language

English

Publisher Citation

Spatial variation in reference conditions: historical tree density and pattern on a Pinus ponderosa landscape Scott R. Abella, Charles W. Denton Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2009, 39:2391-2403, 10.1139/X09-146

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