Atypical Sources of Childhood Lead Poisoning in the United States: A Systematic Review from 1966-2006

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2008

Publication Title

Clinical Toxicology

Volume

46

Issue

8

First page number:

728

Last page number:

737

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Lead poisoning from atypical sources, which excludes the well-established lead-based paint ingestions and exposure in occupational settings, are increasingly reported in medical literature. Our objective is to increase awareness on atypical sources of lead exposure and to formulate recommendations for their detection based on actual reported cases.

METHODS: We systematically retrieved and reviewed reports on pediatric lead poisoning in the U.S. from atypical sources by searching Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier, AltHealth, websites of state lead poisoning prevention programs, and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission database for reports published from January 1966 to December 2006.

RESULTS: We retrieved 28 published reports that met our inclusion criteria. Of these reports, 20 are case reports and 8 case series, documenting a total of 82 incidents of lead poisoning in children from atypical sources.

CONCLUSION: There are varied sources of atypical lead exposure among U.S. children. The sources were grouped in the following categories based on their utility: fashion accessories, folk remedies, imported condiments & candies, pellets & bullets, and lastly, recreational & domestic items. Based on these findings, we have formulated a questionnaire that may assist in the identification of atypical lead sources in the home.

Keywords

Children; Hazardous substances – Risk assessment; Lead poisoning in children; Systematic review; United States

Disciplines

Community-Based Research | Environmental Public Health | Maternal and Child Health | Medicine and Health | Pediatrics | Toxicology

Language

English

Permissions

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