Title

Sham Surgery in Orthopedics: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

4-24-2017

Publication Title

Pain Medicine

Volume

18

Issue

4

First page number:

736

Last page number:

750

Abstract

Objective. To evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of sham surgery in orthopedics by conducting a systematic review of literature. Methods. Systematic searches were conducted on Biomed Central, BMJ.com, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, NLM Central Gateway, OVID, ProQuest (Digital Dissertations), PsycInfo, PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect and Web of Science. Secondary searching (PEARLing) was undertaken, whereby reference lists of the selected articles were reviewed for additional references not identified in the primary search. All randomized controlled trials comparing surgery versus sham surgery in orthopedics were included. Data were extracted and methodological quality was assessed by two reviewers using the Critical Review Form—Quantitative Studies. Levels of scientific evidence, based on the direction of outcomes of the trials, were established following the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Hierarchy of Evidence (Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, 1999).

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